Americas · South America · Brazilian Real
Brazil is presented here as a historical economic dossier rather than a flat stat sheet: long-run macro cycles, public balance-sheet pressure, market depth, external buffers, and the events that likely bent the curve.
A tighter current-state read before dropping into the long historical charts.
The timeline is where macro numbers meet story: crises, wars, policy shifts, trade deals, and other shocks connected to Brazil.
Beginning of Portuguese colonization
1776-1777 war fought over the border between Spanish and Portuguese South America
1816 battle
Battle of Cabrito
Battle of Cachoeira
1822 battle of the War of Independence of Brazil
Battle of Funil
Transition to Empire of Brazil
1823 naval battle during the Brazilian War of Independence
1823 battle between the Brazilian Empire and Portugal; Brazilian victory
1825 battle of the Cisplatine War
Battle of Los Pozos
battle fought in 1827 in the vicinity of the Santa Maria river, southern Brazil
1835 battle
1838 battle
battle during the Ragamuffin War, Brazil
1844 battle
1864 battle of the Paraguayan War
1864 military operation in Uruguay
Paraguay's dictator Francisco Solano López attacked Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay simultaneously, triggering the deadliest war in South American history. Paraguay lost over half its population, including most of its adult male population, and was forced to cede territory.
1865 invasion
Battle of Butuí
part of the Paraguayan War
End of slavery in Brazil
Brazil's Princess Regent Isabel signed the Golden Law abolishing slavery without compensation to slave owners, making Brazil the last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish the institution. The act cost the monarchy support among the slave-owning class and contributed to its overthrow.
End of the Brazilian Empire and the start of the Republic
A military coup overthrew Emperor Dom Pedro II and proclaimed Brazil a republic, ending the Brazilian Empire and the last monarchy in the Americas outside the Caribbean. The republic was initially dominated by military officers and the powerful coffee-growing elite.
Battle of Riosinho
Third Pan-American Conference
1909 treaty between Brazil and Peru
conflict in Brazil in the 20th century
Rebellion in Brazil
Start of Getúlio Vargas' rule
1932 civil war in Brazil
1934 conflict in São Paulo, Brazil
Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1945
Battle between the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, together with Italian guerrillas and the American Infantry division units, against the German 148th division, Panzergrenadier, and the Italian Bersaglieri and Monterosa
Informations about the Brazilian Mathematics Colloquium
Creation of a new capital aiming at interior development and national integration
1963 mass killing of indigenous people in Brazil
The Brazilian military overthrew President Joao Goulart, beginning a 21-year military dictatorship that pursued rapid industrialization alongside political repression.
Beginning of military dictatorship lasting until 1985
1966 terrorist incident in Brazil
AvantUnknowngarde music and arts movement challenging traditional Brazilian culture
Sexta-Feira Sangrenta
Mexico announced it could not service its $80 billion foreign debt, triggering the Latin American debt crisis as other countries defaulted. The crisis led to a 'lost decade' of economic stagnation across Latin America.
Nationwide protests for direct presidential elections
By 1985, the AIDS epidemic had spread to every continent and been reported in 51 countries, with over 20,000 cases worldwide. The discovery of the HIV virus in 1984 enabled development of blood tests to screen donations, preventing further spread through transfusions.
international conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992
1992 massacre in the Carandiru penitentiary in São Paulo, Brazil
First Brazilian president to be impeached due to corruption charges
International conference on environment and sustainability
The UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro was the largest gathering of world leaders in history up to that point, producing the Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biological Diversity. It placed environmental protection on the global political agenda.
1993 armed conflict in Brazil
massacre
The introduction of the Real currency and accompanying stabilization plan ended decades of hyperinflation, setting the stage for Brazils modern economic growth.
Stabilization of Brazilian economy and introduction of the Real (R$)
Introduction of the Real (R$) to stabilize the Brazilian economy
Implementation of economic reforms and Plano Real
international firearms control treaty
Morumbi Shopping shooting
Brazil wins its first FIFA World Cup boosting national pride
2003 failed French military operation to rescue Íngrid Betancourt from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
First workingUnknownclass president
Major corruption scandal involving bribery and misuse of public funds
ongoing armed conflict in Brazil
V Latin American Episcopal Conference and the Caribbean
June 2012 UN conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Extensive corruption investigation impacting politics and businesses
The US Department of Justice indicted 14 FIFA officials on racketeering, wire fraud, and money laundering charges on May 27, 2015 (related to conduct from the 2000s-2014), revealing systematic corruption in the award of World Cup hosting rights including the 2010 and 2014 tournaments. FIFA President Sepp Blatter resigned amid the scandal.
Brazils economy contracted sharply amid falling commodity prices, fiscal mismanagement, and a massive corruption scandal (Operation Car Wash), leading to the worst recession in a century.
Major health crisis linked to birth defects sparking international concern
Games of the XXXI Olympiad, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Second Brazilian president to be impeached accused of fiscal mismanagement
Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro from August 5-21, 2016, amid the Zika virus outbreak, a severe recession, and the impeachment of President Dilma Rousseff, with security concerns dominating pre-Games coverage. The Games proceeded successfully despite predictions of disaster, though Brazil's political crisis deepened.
Novel coronavirus emerges, spreading globally and becoming the most severe pandemic in a century.
school shooting, mass murder, murder–suicide and infanticide in Brazil
pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2
International attention on Brazil's environmental policies and conservation efforts
Marked by controversial environmental policies and conservative agenda
Deforestation-driven fires in the Brazilian Amazon surged to record levels in August 2019 under President Bolsonaro's administration, which had weakened environmental protections, triggering an international crisis and threats of trade sanctions from European countries. The fires destroyed an area larger than Portugal in a year.
A novel coronavirus first identified in Wuhan, China, spread globally, causing the most severe pandemic since 1918 and unprecedented economic shutdowns worldwide.
Governments worldwide implement unprecedented lockdowns in response to COVID-19 pandemic.
massacre occurred in may 2021 at the city of Saudades, Santa Catarina, Brazil
Brazilian political party
Supporters of former Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro stormed and ransacked the Presidential Palace, National Congress, and Supreme Court in Brasília on January 8, 2023, rejecting the election of President Lula da Silva in scenes reminiscent of the US January 6 attack. Over 1,500 rioters were arrested and Bolsonaro was later indicted for allegedly plotting a coup.
The BRICS leaders' summit in Johannesburg invited six new countries—Argentina, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE—to join the bloc on January 1, 2024, in the largest expansion since Brazil joined in 2010. The expansion was seen as part of a broader effort toward de-dollarization and an alternative to Western-led institutions.
45th UBES National Congress